Growth behavior and interface engineering for photovoltaic applications of co-evaporated Sb 2 Se 3 thin films on Mo foil

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NaOH-treated Mo foil induces a MoSe 2 interlayer that controls Sb 2 Se 3 microstructure, transforming a compact absorber into a pseudo-3D architecture with enhanced grain growth, reduces defects, and improved performance in flexible solar cells.