An erbium-doped transparent glass ceramic, consisting of LaF3 nanocrystallites with a characteristic length of approximately 20 nm embedded in an aluminosilicate glass matrix and exhibiting infrared-to-green up-conversion, has been studied. The degree of erbium partitioning into the nanocrystallite phase was found using energy transfer coefficients determined from bulk Er3+:LaF3 samples. This transparent glass ceramic sample was found to have a partitioning fraction of 19 +/- 5%.
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Jones et al. (2005) studied this question.