Up-conversion emission and confocal fluorescence imaging of Er3+-doped CaF2 nanocrystals were investigated using infrared excitation. At Er3+ concentrations less than 2.8mol%, green emission was dominant while red prevailed at higher concentrations. The simultaneous green and red emission and change in relative intensities is explained with a mechanism utilizing concepts of TPA, ESA, ET, and CR processes.
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Kumar et al. (2007) studied this question.
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