Instrument development study demonstrates rapid classification of strong and weak aqueous electrolytes across variable frequencies, highlighting a low-cost screening platform for field settings.
A portable multifrequency electrochemical response analyzer was developed on an ESP32 microcontroller platform for comparative impedance‐sensitive characterization of aqueous electrolytes. The instrument employs PWM square‐wave excitation (1–15 kHz), a two‐electrode stainless steel probe, and RC signal conditioning with 12‐bit analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) sampling. Response values are determined via a voltage‐divider relationship between electrolyte impedance and the conditioning network, yielding comparative measurements in arbitrary units. Analysis of strong electrolytes (HCl, NaOH, KOH, NaCl) and weak electrolyte (CH 3 COOH) at 0.001–1 M revealed monotonically increasing responses with excitation frequency (gain ratio 14.8–23.6). Strong electrolytes exhibited moderate frequency dependence consistent with complete ionization, whereas acetic acid showed markedly higher absolute responses and enhanced interfacial polarization due to partial ionization, enabling quantitative class‐level discrimination. Repeatability at 0.1 M NaCl ( n = 5) yielded CV < 2.1% across all frequencies. The analyzer offers a small, cost‐effective screening platform for portable electrochemical characterization in resource‐constrained environments, made WiFi enabled with real‐time visualization and CSV data export, enabling use in environmental assessment, process monitoring, and analytical screening.
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Gogawale et al. (2026) studied this question.
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