Performance Prediction Model and Influence Law of Half-Cell PV Modules Under Edge-Shading

Half-cell photovoltaic modules have been widely applied in distributed photovoltaic systems and building-integrated photovoltaic systems. Linear edge shading caused by buildings, guardrails, and adjacent modules is a key factor affecting their power generation performance. To address this problem, this paper establishes an equivalent prediction model for edge-shading of half-cell modules by combining the series–parallel topology of the module and the conduction behavior of bypass diodes. The genetic algorithm is employed to extract the model parameters, and the bisection method is used to solve the output current and obtain the corresponding I–V and P–V characteristics of the module under shading conditions. Simulation analysis is conducted by considering the edge-shading ratio and module installation orientation as variables, and the output characteristics and variation trends of PV modules under two configurations, namely long-edge shading with horizontal installation and short-edge shading with vertical installation, are investigated and compared. The results show that long-edge shading can cause current mismatch in cell strings and conduction of bypass diodes, leading to step features in the I–V curve, a multi-peak structure in the P–V curve, and rapid power attenuation. Short-edge shading only results in a linear decrease in photogenerated current, with smooth output curves and an approximately linear reduction in power along with the shading ratio, resulting in relatively smooth output characteristics. This study reveals the coupled effects of edge-shading and module installation orientation and provides a reference for evaluating shading-induced performance degradation and selecting suitable installation orientations for half-cell PV modules under the investigated shading conditions.