Small-sized starch nanoparticles for efficient penetration of plant cells

roots within a short time (30 min), showing nearly 10-fold higher fluorescence intensity compared to the free fluorescent dye. Additionally, the fluorescence quantum yield of NB@G50-NPs increases from 9% (for free dye) to 14%, and the particles show high stability across a broad pH range (3-10). This pH stability covers the entire pH range found in plant tissues. Our findings suggest that sNPs offer significant advantages for live cell imaging in plants and provide a foundation for future applications of sNPs in plant nanotechnology, including nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and plant genetic engineering.