Finite element modeling of plasticity-induced crack closure with emphasis on geometry and mesh refinement effects

Two-dimensional, elastic–perfectly plastic finite element analyses of middle-crack tension (MT) and compact tension (CT) geometries were conducted to study fatigue crack closure and to calculate the crack-opening values under plane-strain and plane-stress conditions. The behaviors of the CT and MT geometries were compared. The loading was selected to give the same maximum stress intensity factor in both geometries, and thus approximately similar initial forward plastic zone sizes. Mesh refinement studies were performed on both geometries with various element types. For the CT geometry, negligible crack-opening loads under plane-strain conditions were observed. In contrast, for the MT specimen, the plane-strain crack-opening stresses were found to be significantly larger. This difference was shown to be a consequence of in-plane constraint. Under plane-stress conditions, it was found that the in-plane constraint has negligible effect, such that the opening values are approximately the same for both the CT and MT specimens.