RANKL expression is differentially modulated by TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in fibroblasts and osteoblasts

Introduction The essential role of RANKL/RANK/OPG axis in osteoclast differentiation/activation in inflammatory bone diseases, including periodontal disease is widely acknowledged [1]. In the inflamed periodontal microenvironment, various cell types are capable of expressing RANKL, including periodontal ligament fibroblasts, leading to tissue destruction through activation of RANK on pre-osteoclasts [2]. In fact,