Integrated Surface Diagnostics and Diagnostic-Driven Restoration of the Marble Sculpture Real Infante Carlo Tito di Borbone Attributed to Giuseppe Sanmartino

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This study presents an integrated surface diagnostic investigation and a diagnostic-driven restoration of the marble sculpture Real Infante Carlo Tito di Borbone (1775), attributed to Giuseppe Sanmartino and preserved at the Royal Palace of Caserta (Italy). Despite the artistic relevance of the sculptor, scientific investigations of his works remain limited. The aim of this work is to characterize surface coatings, identify alteration processes, and support conservation strategies through a multi-analytical approach. The results reveal that the sculpture is composed of calcitic marble covered by an altered organic surface film. Spectroscopic and chromatographic data indicate the presence of lipidic compounds consistent with natural wax, likely associated with previous conservation treatments. An epoxy-based adhesive was also identified, suggesting past restoration interventions. Microbiological analyses detected fungal and bacterial species potentially involved in surface alteration processes. The integration of analytical data enabled the development of a targeted restoration strategy. Cleaning procedures were defined based on the chemical nature of the surface coatings, while structurally stable previous restorations were preserved. A biocide treatment was applied to mitigate biological colonization. This study highlights the importance of surface-oriented diagnostics in understanding coating materials and guiding conservation interventions, providing a methodological framework applicable to marble artworks.