Detection and Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses in Bivalve Mollusks Collected in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Figures

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  Figure 1. Distribution of bivalve shellfish samples collected from March 2018 to February 2020, with monthly positivity rates for norovirus (NoV), rotavirus A (RVA), human adenovirus (HAdV), and human bocavirus (HBoV) each month from March 2018 to February 2020. Initial norovirus results, published by Sarmento et al. [17], are shown in fading red.

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  Figure 2. (a) Overall variation of enteric viruses’ concentration in bivalve samples and the viral load of enteric viruses by (b) sampling site and (c) season. Box and whisker plots show the first and third quartiles (equivalent to the 5th and 95th percentiles), the median (horizontal line in the box) and range concentrations [genome copies per gram (GC/g) of digestive tissue]. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; **** p ≤ 0.0001.

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  Figure 3. Phylogenetic trees based on (a) polymerase and (b) capsid regions of GII norovirus. Norovirus GII strains (n = 4) isolated from bivalve samples in this study are denoted with a green-filled circle, while GII strains obtained in initial results (n = 4) published by Sarmento et al. [17] are marked with a yellow-filled circle. Reference strains were downloaded from the GenBank repository and labelled with their genotype and accession number. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed with MEGA X software with bootstrap tests of 2000 replicates, based on the Kimura two-parameter model. The bootstrap percentage values of ≥65% are shown at each branch point.

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  Figure 4. Phylogenetic trees based on (a) VP6 nucleotide (nt) of RVA; on (b) the hexon gene of HAdV; and on (c) VP1 nt of HBoV. RVA strains obtained in this study are marked with a blue-filled circle. HAdV-C2, -C5 and -F40 are marked with a yellow, purple and red-filled circle, respectively. HBoV-1 and -2 are marked with a green- and orange-filled circle, respectively. Reference strains were downloaded from GenBank and labelled with their accession number, country of isolation, year, genotype and register number. Phylogenetic trees were generated in MEGA X software with bootstrap tests of 2000 replicates, based on the Tamura 3-parameter model (best fit model for all viruses). Bootstrap values of ≥70% are shown at each branch point.