Rate constants for acid-catalyzed butanol dehydration on Keggin-type polyoxometalate clusters H8−nXn+W12O40 (X=P, Si, Al, Co) increase as the oxidation state of the central atom increases and the number of cluster protons concurrently decreases (see diagram). These trends reflect the lower deprotonation enthalpies of clusters with high valent central atoms and their stability as the anionic conjugate base in ionic transition states involved in dehydration catalysis.
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Macht et al. (2007) studied this question.
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