Lithium Extraction from Spodumene by the Traditional Sulfuric Acid Process: A Review

The sulfuric acid process is the dominant technology for lithium extraction from spodumene. However, this process generates huge quantities of waste residue and needs high-temperature pretreatment. The process can be optimized if other high-value elements are found in spodumene deposits, residual lithium can be recycled during mining and processing, and energy savings can be achieved. This paper evaluates the sulfuric acid process for lithium extraction from spodumene from an operational, economic, and environmental perspective. The integration of evaporators and crystallizers during lithium extraction and processing is also reviewed. Finally, further research opportunities for making the process more cost-effective are identified.