Various views on spatial prepositions

which the primary object is located the reference object. In order to use projective prepositions, the speaker has to establish a reference frame (that is, an orientation) that deter-mines the direction in which the pri-mary object is located in relation to the reference object. The reference frame can be estab-lished in different ways. One way is to use the intrinsic orientation of the ref-erence object. In this case, the regions that are above, below, in front of, behind, to the left of, and to the right of the reference objects are the regions