Trajectories of sleep problems during the life course: A qualitative study among recently retired Finns

Sleep problems are common among working-age population, but qualitative life-course research is scarce. In this qualitative interview study, we examined how 30 recently retired Finns (24 women, 6 men; mean age 65 years, SD 1.72), retired on average 9 months earlier (SD 5.12), retrospectively described their sleep problems during their life course. We focused on the onset, development, and causes of sleep problems, and the resources that helped maintain work ability until retirement despite these problems. Using thematic analysis and incorporating qualitative trajectory analyses, we identified four sleep problem trajectories: “childhood-onset”, “adult-onset”, “middle-aged-onset”, and “intermittent lifelong”. Trajectories differed in causes, although all were linked to work-related stressors. “Childhood-onset” sleep problems also attributed to adverse childhood experiences, personal characteristics, and biological factors. “Adult-onset” and “middle-aged-onset” sleep problems were often attributed to work stressors, the latter also to physical health and aging. The “intermittent lifelong” trajectory involved stressful life events and mental health issues particularly prominent. Resources for managing sleep problems formed five thematic categories. Although work stressors were a common cause of sleep problems, work also provided resources. A similar dual role was noted for physical health, social relationships, personal characteristics, and biological factors. Participants also emphasized perseverance and family examples as resources. The findings indicate that sleep problems emerge at different points in the life course with varying causes. Resources for managing sleep problems during working life are diverse. In addition to individual strategies, support from personal life, healthcare services, and workplaces is essential for maintaining work ability until retirement.