Catalytic conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran: Regulating the synergy between hydrogenation and C–O bond cleavage

The selective hydrogenolysis of furfural (FUR) to 2-methylfuran (2-MF) has attracted substantial attention as a representative biomass-upgrading approach. Despite the development of numerous catalytic systems, the factors governing high 2-MF selectivity remain insufficiently understood. This review summarizes recent advances in FUR hydrogenolysis from the perspective of synergistic hydrogenation and C–O bond cleavage. Efficient 2-MF production generally relies on the cooperation of metallic sites for H 2 activation and carbonyl hydrogenation and oxidized metal species (Lewis acid sites) that facilitate C–O bond activation and cleavage. On this basis, four core factors governing catalytic performance are systematically discussed: metal composition, thermal treatment, synthetic method, and support effects. Particular attention is devoted to how these factors regulate the electronic structure of metal sites, adsorption configuration, metal dispersion, interfacial interactions, and surface acidity. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities are highlighted. This review provides mechanistic insights into the fundamental determinants of 2-MF selectivity and offers guidance for the rational design of highly selective catalysts for FUR upgrading.