Nanomaterials in self-consolidating concrete: a state-of-the-art review

Nanomaterials, thanks to their exceptional properties and high surface-to-volume ratio, are known to improve the pore structure of concrete, accelerate the C–S–H gel formation, and enhance the concrete’s mechanical and durability properties. This work highlights the state of knowledge in producing self-compacting concrete (SCC) using nanomaterials such as nanosilica, nanoclay, TiO2, Fe2O3, CuO, ZnO2, Al2O3, and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Specifically, we focus on three areas in nano-modified SCC research: (i) the technical challenges associated with utilization of nanoparticles; (ii) the key research efforts in processing and manufacturing nano-engineered SCC; and (iii) the effect of nanomaterials on the fresh state and hardened properties of nano-engineered SCC.