Innovation … is purposeful change by means of the systematic inquiry we call scientific method and of the new knowledge gained thereby. Innovation is clearly a result of the scientific breakthrough, that is, of the emergence of scientific method as fundamental method, and of scientific knowledge as a main tool of human and social action.Innovation aims at application; its goal is not knowledge in itself but effective change.11 Landmarks of Tomorrow (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959), p. 24.
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Enarson et al. (1960) studied this question.