This paper is concerned with the parameter identification, verification and selected applications of a 3D viscoplastic material model for shotcrete proposed by Meschke. The performance of the shotcrete model is evaluated by means of reanalyses of short-term and creep tests on shotcrete specimen. The most essential items of a viscoplastic cap model used for the representation of soil including the determination of the model parameters are also presented. Both models are employed in a 3D finite element simulation of the excavation of a single-track tunnel driven according to the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. Comparisons between in situ measurements and numerical results are presented.
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Meschke et al. (1996) studied this question.