Pathways for Integrated Blue Hydrogen Production with CO2 Utilization: A Review

Hydrogen is considered a promising energy carrier for decarbonizing sectors that are difficult to electrify. Among the available production routes, steam reforming combined with CO 2 capture, commonly referred to as blue hydrogen, remains a practical near- to mid-term option, supported by its technological readiness, scalability, and compatibility with existing infrastructure. Despite these advantages, conventional configurations such as SR-CCS and SR-CCU are associated with considerable energy demands and increased process complexity, particularly in CO 2 regeneration, separation, and downstream handling. Recent progress has therefore focused on more effective integration of CO 2 capture and utilization within steam reforming systems. In this context, this review evaluates developments across different levels of process integration, including conventional SR-CCU, integrated configurations such as SR-ICCU, and intensified reactor concepts incorporating both ex situ and in situ CO 2 utilization. Particular attention is given to multifunctional reactor systems, including sorption-enhanced reforming, chemical looping reforming, and membrane-assisted processes, with emphasis on their roles in shifting reaction equilibrium, improving hydrogen purity, enhancing carbon utilization, and optimizing overall energy efficiency. Key challenges and future opportunities are discussed to support the development of efficient and low-carbon hydrogen production systems.