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September 3, 2026Physics OpenOpen Access

From Order to Chaos: The Destabilizing Role of Time-Varying Mass in Fractional Pendulum Systems

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Authors

YAYazen M. AlawaidehBABashar. M. Al-KhamisehHQHamzah A. Qattous

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Overview

Numerical simulation study reveals that decaying mass amplifies chaotic motion in fractional double pendulums, highlighting critical instability thresholds for aerospace and robotic systems.

Key Points

  • To quantify how time-varying mass amplifies chaotic behavior relative to fixed-mass systems and to formulate a fractional-order framework capturing memory-dependent non-local effects.
  • Derived dimensionless Euler–Lagrange equations incorporating Caputo fractional derivatives and an exponential mass decay model (μ(τ) = μ₀e^(-γτ) with γ = 0.1 s⁻¹).
  • Conducted numerical simulations of the fractional double pendulum system using fourth-order Runge–Kutta and Adams–Bashforth integration schemes.
  • Mass decay increased the maximal Lyapunov exponent from 0.1 s⁻¹ in fixed-mass systems to 0.41 s⁻¹, representing a 310% increase in chaotic behavior.
  • Angular displacements expanded by 44.4% for α (0.18 to 0.26 rad) and 106.7% for β (0.15 to 0.31 rad), with energy fluctuations reaching 10.41 J compared to 9.82 J in fixed-mass conditions.
  • Poincaré sections demonstrated chaotic attractors unique to the variable-mass system, identifying critical instability thresholds at approximately -0.015 s⁻¹.

Cite This Study

Alawaideh et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a99352e636c6408cfa7d291https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physo.2026.100471
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