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Review highlights state-of-the-art X-ray free electron laser techniques in diamond anvil cells, revealing pathways to probe extreme thermodynamic states and ultrafast reaction kinetics.
The exceptional brilliance of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) combined with quasi-static compression in diamond anvil cells (DACs) has enabled novel time-resolved methods for probing extreme states of matter. Coupling serial X-ray techniques with dynamic drivers for rapidly changing pressure and temperature, these studies offer insight into phase equilibria, chemical reaction kinetics, and geophysical processes. Here, we present the current state-of-the-art XFEL techniques used for DAC research, including serial X-ray heating, pulsed laser heating, and rapid compression. Essential questions for future investigation are also highlighted, regarding the interactions of intense X-rays with samples at high pressure and associated non-equilibrium states.
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Husband et al. (2026) studied this question.
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