Review reveals expanding philanthropic funding and governance influence amid public spending declines, highlighting critical gaps in foundation accountability and scholarly research.
Key Points
To review the evolving role of philanthropic foundations as key actors in environmental governance and identify research gaps regarding their influence, legitimacy, and funding trends.
Synthesized existing interdisciplinary literature on philanthropic foundations and multi-actor environmental governance.
Tracked trends in global environmental funding flows and identified methodological barriers to studying philanthropic institutions.