Review summarizes parameter optimization and biotechnological innovations in solid-state fermentation, highlighting strategies for low-carbon organic waste upcycling.
Key Points
To review recent advances in operational parameter optimization, advanced biological and chemical enhancement strategies, and smart monitoring technologies in solid-state fermentation of organic waste.
Synthesized evidence on primary operational parameters, including carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, aeration frequency, temperature, humidity, and pH.
Evaluated enhancement mechanisms including biochar electron shuttling, synthetic microbial consortia, hydrothermal carbonization coupling, and bioelectrochemical systems driven by direct inter-species electron transfer.
Surveyed digital integration approaches, covering mathematical modeling, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence for process control.
Optimizing core parameters improves nitrogen retention while reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and antibiotic resistance genes.
Coupling modified biochar and synthetic microbial consortia enhances electron transfer kinetics and accelerates organic matter decomposition.
Integrating artificial intelligence, multi-omics, and life cycle assessment facilitates scalable, standardized, and low-carbon solid-state fermentation systems.