A framework for converting bulk irrigation canals to pressurised pipeline networks

Existing canal system losses are addressed through a six-step modernisation framework, producing optimised pressurised pipeline layouts with water savings, energy savings and renewable energy recovery. Agricultural irrigation is the largest consumer of freshwater worldwide, with traditional open-channel systems incurring substantial water losses and inefficient energy use, particularly in water-scarce regions. This study explores the modernisation of gravity-fed bulk irrigation canals into pressurised pipeline networks as an innovative water conservation strategy aimed at improving efficiency, reliability and long-term water security. A structured evaluation framework integrating hydraulic modelling, water-loss reduction, energy assessment and economic analysis was developed to support decision-making for potential irrigation scheme upgrades. The framework was applied to a large-scale agricultural irrigation system using GIS-based spatial analysis and network simulations to evaluate multiple pipeline alignments and operational scenarios. Results show that pressurised conveyance can reduce water losses by approximately 15%, improve pressure regulation, flow control and lower energy requirements where pumping is employed. Opportunities for energy recovery in high-pressure zones further enhance system efficiency. Despite higher investment costs compared to rehabilitating the existing system, lifecycle analysis indicates favourable long-term economic performance due to water savings, reduced energy use and improved operational control. The study demonstrates that canal-to-pipeline conversion is a practical and scalable approach for sustainable agricultural water management under increasing water scarcity.