Immunosuppression in vascularized composite allotransplantation

Purpose of review Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) restores form and function after disfiguring tissue loss with the required need for lifelong immunosuppression for a non-life-saving indication, creating a distinct risk–benefit ratio compared to other solid organ transplants. This review summarizes recent advances in VCA immunosuppression, with emphasis on strategies that reduce drug-related toxicity while preserving graft function. Recent findings Long-term cohort data continue to document substantial nephrotoxic, metabolic, infectious, and oncologic morbidity from tacrolimus-based triple therapy, with measurable decline in renal function within the first posttransplant year and tacrolimus exposure as the strongest correlate. Costimulation blockade has produced preclinical and early clinical efficacy, particularly belatacept combined with antithymocyte globulin induction to avoid the need for long-term use of calcineurin inhibitors. Next-generation anti-CD40 agents are positioned to overcome the thromboembolic toxicity that limited earlier anti-CD154 antibodies. Regulatory T-cell therapy and chimerism-based tolerance remain promising and investigational. Summary Tacrolimus-based triple therapy remains the clinical standard, with its concomitant nephrotoxicity requiring kidney transplantation after face and hand transplantation in some cases. Costimulation blockade–based, calcineurin inhibitor–sparing protocols represent an advanced path toward safer VCA immunosuppression.