Hemodynamic Changes Following Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Patients with Subjective Tinnitus: An Acceleration Photoplethysmography and Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasound Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Outpatient Treatment Protocol for Managing Subjective Tinnitus.

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  Figure 2. Procedure for Photoplethysmogram Measurements in Tinnitus Patients.

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  Figure 3. Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasound Measurement Procedure in Tinnitus Patients.

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  Figure 4. (a) Acupuncture treatment procedure. (b) Standardized disposable stainless steel needles (0.25 × 40 mm, Dongbang Medical, Boryeong, Republic of Korea).

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  Figure 5. (a) Moxibustion treatment procedure. (b) Moxa rolls (Dongbang Medical, Boryeong, Republic of Korea).

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  Figure 6. Photoplethysmogram Second Derivative Waveform and Acceleration Photoplethysmogram Variables. The labels a–e indicate the a-, b-, c-, d-, and e-waves of the APG waveform, respectively.

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  Figure 7. Analyzed Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasound Image of Temporal Artery.

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  Figure 8. Flowchart Depicting Retrospective Chart Review Process for Tinnitus Patients.

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  Figure 9. Mean ‘c/a’ Ratio and Standard Error Bars Across Pre-Treatment, Post-Acupuncture, and Combined Acupuncture with Moxibustion Groups. **, p-value < 0.01; *, p-value < 0.05.

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  Figure 10. Comparison of Mean Values and Standard Errors for PW Doppler Parameters in Base and AT + MT Groups. **, p-value < 0.01; *, p-value < 0.05.

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  Figure 11. Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) Scores: Changes Between the Last and First Outpatient Visits for Individual Patients. Blue columns indicate negative changes in THI scores, whereas red columns indicate positive changes.