In the trapped-electron sideband instability of a nonlinear plasma wave of potential φ₀, initial enhanced damping occurs for a distance ∝φ₀^-1/2, beyond which signals grow at a rate scaling nearly linearly with φ₀. The growth remains exponential even in cases where the main wave is significantly damped. This behavior is more consistent with a quasilinear spectral development than with the commonly cited parametric bounce-frequency instability of a stationary Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal equilibrium.
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Jahns et al. (1973) studied this question.
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