Synchronization of a Tidal Binary by Inward Orbital Migration. The Case of Pluto and Charon

It is usually taken for granted that mutual synchronization of a tidal two-body system is attained through tidal recession, assuming the reduced Hill sphere is not reached. However, synchronization can be achieved also via tidal approach, provided the Roche limit is not crossed. For each of the two scenarios, we derive the condition under which the evolving synchronicity radius catches up with the tidally evolving orbit. We consider the two scenarios for the Pluto–Charon system and examine the impact-origin hypothesis of Charon’s formation against capture. Based on geophysical evidence, we propose that capture appears more likely. Motivated by this conclusion, we investigate both analytically and numerically the capture scenario, wherein the orbital evolution of Charon starts at a higher altitude than present and undergoes tidal descent. We also consider the possibility that Pluto’s initial prograde spin underwent a reversal by a tidally approaching retrograde Charon. Depending on the initial conditions, we observe temporary locking of Charon into higher spin-orbit resonances (3:2 to 7:2) during the first 0.5 Myr of the system’s evolution. Owing to a greater initial separation between the partners, the power dissipated in each of them turns out to be much lower than in the case of tidal recession of bodies of the same internal structure. The greater initial separation also results in lower tidal stress, which may explain the absence of tidally generated fracture patterns.