Mn-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles have been synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Phase composition, microstructure, and Raman spectroscopy analysis indicate that a double-phase structure containing both cubic and tetragonal structures can be obtained. Electron paramagnetic resonance and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements prove that Mn ions exist as a form of Mn2+ in these nanoparticles. Magnetization measurements reveal that a ferromagnetic behavior can be observed in the Mn-doped BaTiO3 at low temperature, and the nominal ratio of Ba/Ti has a great influence on the ferromagnetic properties. This ferromagnetic mechanism can be ascribed to the exchange coupling interaction between the Mn2+ ions and the Ti4+ vacancy.
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Tong et al. (2008) studied this question.
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