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Ion channeling and backscattering have been used to measure the lattice location of Au implanted at room temperature into single-crystal Ni, Cu, Pd, and Ag. In all cases the Au atoms are found to be 100% substitutional with no thermal annealing. Au implanted at 15°K in Cu is found to be 100% substitutional. High-dose implantations of W, a reportedly insoluble impurity in Cu, are also observed to be highly substitutional after implantation.
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Poate et al. (1974) studied this question.
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