Comorbidity of periodontal diseases and Parkinson's disease

Periodontal diseases (gingivitis, parodontosis, parodontitis) are among the widespread human diseases and are the leading cause of tooth loss in the adult population. Since the beginning of the XXI century, an active study of the relationship between periodontal pathology and systemic diseases of the body began, which led to the formation of «periodontal medicine» concept, considering these relationships. Despite the anatomical proximity of the oral cavity and the brain, the relationship between parodontal diseases and pathology of the central nervous system is poorly understood. The purpose of the review is to study the relationship between parodontal diseases and Parkinson's disease. A search was conducted for sources in PubMed and Scopus information databases published before March 1, 2025, which examined the relationship between parodontal pathology and Parkinson's disease. Oral health in patients with Parkinson's disease is worse than in healthy people. Epidemiological and clinical studies demonstrate interconnection between parodontal disease and Parkinson's disease. Possible mechanisms of this interconnection include: hematogenous translocation of parodontopathic microorganisms and inflammatory mediators, interaction along the «mouth–intestine–brain» axis, and common molecular and genetic mechanisms. The presented review emphasizes the importance of conducting further prospective studies to clarify the interconnection between parodontal diseases and Parkinson's disease, and to explore interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the systemic effects of parodontal diseases and their potential impact on brain health. Modulation of the oral and intestinal microbiome, taking into account their possible effects on Parkinson's disease, has a promising potential for improving prevention and treatment through innovative therapeutic strategies.