Coaxial electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone), multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and polyacrylic acid/polyvinyl alcohol scaffold for skeletal muscle tissue engineering

Skeletal muscle repair after injury usually results in scar tissue and decreased functionality. In this study, we coaxially electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone), multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and a hydrogel consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylic acid (PCL-MWCNT-H) to create a self-contained nanoactuating scaffold for skeletal muscle tissue replacement. This was then compared to electrospun PCL and PCL-MWCNT scaffolds. All scaffolds displayed some conductivity; however, MWCNT incorporation increased the conductivity. Only the PCL-MWCNT-H actuated when stimulated with 15 and 20 V. The PCL, PCL-MWCNT, and hydrogel only scaffolds demonstrated no reaction when 5, 8, 10, 15, and 20 V were applied. Thus, all components of the PCL-MWCNT-H scaffold are essential for movement. All three PCL-containing scaffolds were biocompatible, but the PCL-MWCNT-H scaffolds displayed more multinucleated cells with actin interaction. After tensile testing, the MWCNT-containing scaffolds had higher strength than the rat and pig skeletal muscle. Although the mechanical properties were higher than muscle, the PCL-MWCNT-H scaffold shows promise as a potential bioartificial nanoactuator for skeletal muscle.