Rapid progress made in the physics of ferroelectrics is accompanied by the appearance of new requirements for the design of microwave phase shifters that serve as base elements in phased-array antennas, which, apart from traditional applications in radiolocation, have been widely used in various telecommunication systems. Nowadays, microwave phase shifters that are intended for operating at a high level of microwave power with a limited power in control circuits and should have a low cost of mass production can be implemented only using thin-film ferroelectric microwave integrated circuits. The development of phase shifters is based on reliable models of a dielectric response of ferroelectrics to dc and high-frequency electric fields.
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O. G. Vendik (2009) studied this question.
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