Characterisation of glufosinate resistance mechanisms in Eleusine indica

BACKGROUND An Eleusine indica population has evolved resistance to glufosinate, a major post‐emergence herbicide of global agriculture. This population was analysed for target‐site (glutamine synthetase) and non‐target‐site (glufosinate uptake, translocation and metabolism) resistance mechanisms. RESULTS Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity extracted from susceptible (S) and resistant (R*) plants was equally sensitive to glufosinate inhibition, with IC50 values of 0.85 mm and 0.99 mm, respectively. The extractable GS activity was also similar in S and R* samples. Foliar uptake of [14C]‐glufosinate did not differ in S and R* plants, nor did glufosinate net uptake in leaf discs. Translocation of [14C]‐glufosinate into untreated shoots and roots was also similar in both populations, with 44% to 47% of the herbicide translocated out from the treated leaf 24 h after treatment. The HPLC and LC‐MS analysis of glufosinate metabolism revealed no major metabolites in S or R* leaf tissue. CONCLUSIONS Glufosinate resistance in this resistant population is not due to an insensitive GS, or increased activity, or altered glufosinate uptake and translocation, or enhanced glufosinate metabolism. Thus, target‐site resistance is likely excluded and the exact resistance mechanism(s) remain to be determined.