Visceral Leishmaniasis Treated with Antimonials/Paromomycin followed by Itraconazole/Miltefosine after Standard Therapy Failures in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patient

Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic infection that affects human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in leishmaniasis-endemic areas. The standard treatment may not be effective and relapses are common. We report the case of a human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patient who had several relapses of visceral leishmaniasis after treatment with standard therapies and responded to a combined therapy.