Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Thyroid associated orbitopathy, also known as Graves' orbitopathy, is typically a self-limiting autoimmune process associated with dysthyroid states. The clinical presentation may vary from very mild disease to severe irreversible sight-threatening complications. Despite ongoing basic science and clinical research, the pathogenesis and highly effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. The present article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of this common, yet poorly understood disease, which remains a challenge to the ophthalmologist.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Maheshwari et al. (2012) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: