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Rutile TiO2 foils with high specific surface area were fabricated through heterogeneous nucleation on substrates in acidic aqueous solutions of titanyl sulfate. Rutile crystals were directly deposited even at a near room temperature in the solutions at the conditions around the boundary between the Ti(IV) soluble species and the TiO2 crystal in the phase stability diagram of the Ti(IV)-H2O system.
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Yamabi et al. (2001) studied this question.
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