Key result
Coronavirus enzymes Nsp15 and Nsp16 play a crucial role in viral escape from human innate immune surveillance through RNA capping and dsRNA degradation.
Why the study?
RNA viruses evolve strategies to escape innate antiviral responses triggered by RNA sensing, with coronaviruses utilizing RNA-processing enzymes such as Nsp15 and Nsp16 for immune evasion.
Review of coronavirus Nsp15 and Nsp16 RNA-processing enzymes and their role in innate immune evasion, highlighting potential antiviral strategies.
Viral RNA sensing triggers innate antiviral responses in humans by stimulating signaling pathways that include crucial antiviral genes such as interferon. RNA viruses have evolved strategies to inhibit or escape these mechanisms. Coronaviruses use multiple enzymes to synthesize, modify, and process their genomic RNA and sub-genomic RNAs. These include Nsp15 and Nsp16, whose respective roles in RNA capping and dsRNA degradation play a crucial role in coronavirus escape from immune surveillance. Evolutionary studies on coronaviruses demonstrate that genome expansion in Nidoviruses was promoted by the emergence of Nsp14-ExoN activity and led to the acquisition of Nsp15- and Nsp16-RNA-processing activities. In this review, we discuss the main RNA-sensing mechanisms in humans as well as recent structural, functional, and evolutionary insights into coronavirus Nsp15 and Nsp16 with a view to potential antiviral strategies.
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Mandilara et al. (2021) conducted a review in Coronavirus infection. Coronavirus RNA-Processing Enzymes (Nsp15 and Nsp16) was evaluated. Coronavirus enzymes Nsp15 and Nsp16 play a crucial role in viral escape from human innate immune surveillance through RNA capping and dsRNA degradation.
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