Understanding the behavior of oxygen vacancies in an oxide multilayer in an electric field continues to be challenging, due to their complex transport between layers. In this study, a cycle of electronic phase transitions in a SrCoO₃₋ₓ/La0.45Sr0.55MnO3-y heterostructure is realized by sweeping an applied voltage, confirming that field-induced formation and annihilation of O vacancies is chiefly determined by their formation energies and differences in Gibbs free energies. These results yield important insight into control mechanisms for oxide electronics, including multiferroic tunnel junctions and solid-oxide fuel cells.
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