Nanoengineered All-Cellulose Bilayer Barrier Papers for High-Performance and Recyclable Food Packaging

). Beyond a 200% improvement in mechanical strength and wet strength suitable for food packaging applications, the bilayer structure remains robust under folding and peeling, outperforming commercial papers for hot food, refrigerated meats, and baking. Importantly, the all-cellulose composition enables over 98% fiber recovery by recycling, substantially reducing the carbon footprint relative to commercial food barrier papers with limited recyclability. By combining nanoengineering, high functionality, and circularity, this work establishes a biobased platform for sustainable food packaging with broad societal and environmental impact.