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September 4, 2026Open Access

Trustworthy Medical Multimodal Large Language Models: Taxonomy, Evaluation, and Benchmarks

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Authors

QLQiankun LiJMJunyuan MaoJLJinyue Li

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Overview

Literature review categorizes trustworthiness failure modes and benchmarks in medical multimodal large language models, indicating critical pathways for safe clinical integration.

Key Points

  • To address the critical trustworthiness gap between experimental capabilities and real-world clinical requirements in medical multimodal large language models.
  • Surveyed existing literature analyzing methodologies, evaluation strategies, and benchmarks for trustworthiness across the full lifecycle of medical multimodal models.
  • Categorized existing systems across a multi-scale clinical hierarchy spanning microscopic tissue analysis, organ-level imaging, patient modeling, and population health surveillance.
  • Established a six-dimensional trustworthiness taxonomy covering truthfulness, robustness, fairness, safety, privacy, and explainability.
  • Identified recurring model failure modes across clinical domains and synthesized targeted remediation strategies.
  • Assessed evaluation bottlenecks in automated metrics and LLM-as-a-Judge protocols, advocating for dynamic, workflow-oriented clinical evaluations.

Cite This Study

Li et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a9a85fa5d9e33f25c631748https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22258831
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