This paper presents the development of the electrical aspects of a Li-ion battery model that includes charge extraction due to current, battery capacity, effect of internal resistance, and thermal effects beyond only temperature rise due to power lost. Thermal models that represent temperature rise in the core and crust of each individual cell and a rate factor function that corrects the amount of charge extracted are developed to improve the accuracy of the battery characteristics. In addition, a predictive feature has been developed for this model so that it can predict the battery output characteristics over the selected operating range of temperatures and batteries with the limited amount of input data. In the end, a nine-cell stacking model is proposed and analyzed for its effect for different cooling methods (series and parallel cooling configurations). The simulation results show that the characteristics of the proposed model compared well with the published data.
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Bhide et al. (2011) studied this question.