Interpretation and presentation of cone resistance data in tillage and traffic studies

SUMMARY Recommendations are made regarding the analysis and presentation of cone resistance data. Methods for eliminating extreme readings due to stones are compared and the effects of stones on variability and treatment comparisons are discussed. Results showed very high variability between positions, even at 100 mm separation. Measurements separated by more than 1 m were independent of each other except where trends in other soil properties influenced cone resistance. The assessment of compaction under wheels is described for cone resistance measurements made under the rut centre‐line. Parameters are derived from measurements made on two‐dimensional, vertical grids to quantify the depth, extent and intensity of compaction and loosening. The usefulness of penetrometers in tillage and traffic studies is discussed.