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The adpopulations of zinc, cadmium, nickel, and gold which are critical for appreciable nucleation rate of crystallites on clean tungsten field emitter tips have been measured. These critical adconcentrations range from 1.1 monolayers for cadmium to 3.7 monolayers for nickel and are independent of temperature from 75°K to above room temperature. This phenomenon can be described by none of the existing theories of heterogeneous nucleation.
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Gretz et al. (1967) studied this question.
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