Decoding the Pathways of Nipah Virus: A Comprehensive Exploration of Transmission Mechanisms and Public Health Strategies

ABSTRACTNipah virus (NiV) is a highly fatal zoonhealth threat. NiV was first described in Malaysia as the causative agent for deaths of pig producersand abattoir workers in 1998, followed by episodic outbreaks in India and Bangladesh with highcase fatality rates of 40 to 75%. Nipahto humans either directly or indirectly through contaminated food sources, as well as by humanhuman transmission via direct contact and in healthcare settings. NiV also hbreach the blood–brain barrier, thereby leading to severe difficulties such as encephalitis,respiratory distress and multi-organ dysfunction. There are no licensed vaccines or specific antiviraltherapies at present and management is sprovides an overview of the epidemiology, pathways of transmission, clinical manifestations andrisk factors for NiV infections with special focus on mathematical models to predict the epidemicdynamics associated with NiV outbreaks. In addition, it emphasizes public health measures such assurveillance, early diagnosis, infection control and programs that inform the community. Whilethere have been several promising steps forward including the mRNA-based vaccines and a numberof antiviral candidates, major challenges remain in terms of large-scale trials, requirements forregulatory approval and viral mutations. Improving surveillance systems and taking a One Healthapproach is important to minimizing the chances of future outbreaks of NiV.