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Using a Bayesian approach we estimate a stochastic frontier model to measure the productivity effects of state-level exports and immigration to each of the 50 US states. The results show that state productivity is affected positively by both state exports and immigrants arriving with embodied human capital. The efficiency model also reveals that the interaction of incoming immigrants with previously accumulated human capital in the host state improves state efficiency.
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Ghosh et al. (2017) studied this question.
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