The results of an experimental investigation of both the linear and nonlinear acoustic impedance of circular orifices with water and 10-centistoke Dow Corning silicone fluid are presented. Experimental determinations of the end corrections for acoustic resistance and acoustic inductance are in good agreement with the classical end correction as given by Rayleigh for acoustic inductance. A series of determinations of the criteria for the onset of nonlinearity acoustic resistance and acoustic inductance together with photographs of the fluid flow patterns developed are presented. A characteristic of one of the fluid flow patterns is correlated with the onset of nonlinearity.
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Thurston et al. (1953) studied this question.