A normalized two-dimensional (2-D) multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) with a computational complexity of O(N) for the quasistatic (very low-frequency) case is developed. This normalized 2-D MLFMA can be used not only independently as in the quasi-static case, but also to solve large-scale structures with dense subgridded areas when combined with a dynamic algorithm. The null-space problem for boundary integral equations at very low frequencies is also studied.
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Zhao et al. (1999) studied this question.
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