sing Doppler Ultrasound to [ill]antify Mitral Valvular Disease

32-year-old man with a history of rheumatic fever as a child had pleuritic chest discomfort, hemoptysis, and [ill]ressive dyspnea on exertion. The first heart sound was [ill]ntuated, as was P2. There was minimal splitting of the [ill]nd heart sound. At the apex, an opening sound was followed by a soft, low-pitch middiastolic rumble. A third heart sound was not present. The ECG showed sinus tachycardia, a normal QRS axis, and right atrial abnormality. A pulmonary ventilation-perfusion scan was normal. A representative portion of the patient's M-mode echocardiogram of the mitral valve is shown below (Fig 1). What is your diagnosis? What does the echo labeled X represent? What two additional applications of cardiac ultrasound could be employed to help quantify the degree of disease? Diagnosis—Mitral Stenosis The M-mode echocardiogram shown in Fig 1 demonstrates characteristic findings of mitral stenosis. The anterior mitral leaflet (AML) is thickened and demonstrates a flattened