Relative Stabilities of Low Index and Stepped CeO 2 Surfaces from Hybrid and GGA + U Implementations of Density Functional Theory

The relative stability of nine different well defined CeO 2 surfaces has been studied by periodic density functional calculations using GGA + U and B3LYP exchange-correlation functional. Both methods consistently predict that CeO 2 (111) is the most stable surface and also provide a consistent picture of the most stable surfaces which indeed are in agreement with previous studies based on empirical interatomic potentials. The facility of ceria surfaces to undergo a redox process has been investigated by forcing spin-polarized solutions, which lead to the occupancy of Ce 4f orbitals. These calculations provide evidence that surfaces with low-coordinated Ce cations are likely to be reduced more easily than regular low-index Miller surfaces.